Pali mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zopangira zinthu zosagwira ntchito komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zogawa. Pali magulu asanu ndi limodzi ambiri.
Choyamba, malinga ndi zigawo za mankhwala a gulu la zinthu zosaphika
Ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: zinthu zopangira oxide ndi zinthu zopanda oxide. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo wamakono, zinthu zina zachilengedwe zakhala zinthu zoyambira kapena zinthu zothandizira zopangira zinthu zopangira zoteteza moto zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Awiri, malinga ndi zigawo za mankhwala a gulu la refractory zopangira
Malinga ndi makhalidwe a mankhwala, zinthu zopangira zotsutsana ndi moto zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: zinthu zopangira zotsutsana ndi moto monga silika, zircon, ndi zina zotero; zinthu zopangira zotsutsana ndi moto monga corundum, bauxite (acidic), mullite (acidic), pyrite (alkaline), graphite, ndi zina zotero; zinthu zopangira zotsutsana ndi moto monga magnesia, mchenga wa dolomite, mchenga wa calcium wa magnesia, ndi zina zotero.
Zitatu, malinga ndi gulu la ntchito yopangira
Malinga ndi udindo wake pakupanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu zina, zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu zina zitha kugawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu a zinthu zopangira zinthu ndi zinthu zina zothandizira.
Zipangizo zazikulu ndi thupi lalikulu la zinthu zotsutsa. Zipangizo zothandizira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu omangirira ndi zowonjezera. Ntchito ya chomangira ndikupangitsa thupi lotsutsa kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sulfite pulp waste liquid, asphalt, phenolic resin, aluminate simenti, sodium silicate, phosphoric acid ndi phosphate, sulfate, ndipo zina mwa zipangizo zazikulu zokha zimakhala ndi ntchito yomangira, monga dongo lomangiriridwa; Ntchito ya zowonjezera ndikukonza njira yopangira kapena yomangira zinthu zotsutsa, kapena kulimbitsa zinthu zina zotsutsa, monga stabilizer, water reducing agent, inhibitor, plasticizer, thovu agent dispersant, expansion agent, antioxidant, ndi zina zotero.
Zinayi, malinga ndi mtundu wa asidi ndi gulu la maziko
Malinga ndi asidi ndi alkali, zinthu zopangira zinthu zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu asanu otsatirawa.
(1) Zinthu zopangira asidi
Makamaka zinthu zopangira siliceous, monga quartz, squamquartz, quartzite, chalcedony, chert, opal, quartzite, mchenga woyera wa silica, diatomite, zinthu zopangira siliceous izi zili ndi silica (SiO2) osachepera 90%, zinthu zopangira zoyera zili ndi silica mpaka 99%. Zinthu zopangira siliceous zimakhala ndi asidi mu kutentha kwambiri kwa mankhwala, pamene pali zitsulo zosungunuka, kapena zikakhudzana ndi mankhwala, ndipo zimaphatikizidwa kukhala silicates. Chifukwa chake, ngati zinthu zopangira siliceous zili ndi chitsulo chochepa chosungunuka, zidzakhudza kwambiri kukana kwake kutentha.
(2) zipangizo zopangira asidi pang'ono
Ndi dongo losasinthika kwenikweni. Kale, dongo linkalembedwa ngati zinthu zosakaniza ndi asidi, kwenikweni siloyenera. Asidi wa zinthu zosakaniza ndi asidi amachokera ku silica yaulere (SiO2) ngati chinthu chachikulu, chifukwa malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala a dongo losasinthika ndi zinthu zosakaniza ndi silica, silica yaulere mu dongo losasinthika ndi yocheperako kuposa zinthu zosakaniza ndi silica.
Popeza pali alumina 30% ~ 45% mu dongo losasinthika, ndipo alumina nthawi zambiri siili yaulere, yomwe imayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi silika kukhala kaolinite (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O), ngakhale pali silika yochepa yochulukirapo, ntchito yake ndi yochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya asidi ya dongo losasinthika ndi yofooka kwambiri kuposa ya zinthu zopangira siliceous. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti dongo losasinthika kutentha kwambiri limawonongeka kukhala silicate yaulere, alumina yaulere, koma osasinthika, silicate yaulere ndi alumina yaulere zidzaphatikizidwa kukhala quartz (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) ikapitilira kutenthedwa. Quartz ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa asidi ku alkaline slag, ndipo chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kapangidwe ka alumina mu dongo losasinthika, asidi pang'onopang'ono amafooka, pamene alumina imafika 50%, alkaline kapena neutral properties, makamaka yopangidwa ndi njerwa zadongo pansi pa kuthamanga kwakukulu, kachulukidwe kakakulu, kakang'ono kakang'ono, kotsika porosity, kukana kwa alkaline slag kumakhala kolimba kuposa silika pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu. Dongo la quartz limachedwa kwambiri pankhani ya kuwonongeka kwake, kotero tikuona kuti ndikoyenera kuyika dongo losagwira ntchito m'gulu la semi-acid. Dongo losagwira ntchito ndi chinthu chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani osasagwira ntchito.
(3) zipangizo zopanda tsankho
Zipangizo zosalowerera ndale makamaka ndi chromite, graphite, silicon carbide (yopangira), pa kutentha kulikonse sizimakhudzana ndi asidi kapena alkaline slag. Pakadali pano pali zinthu ziwiri zotere m'chilengedwe, chromite ndi graphite. Kuwonjezera pa graphite yachilengedwe, palinso graphite yopangira, zipangizo zosalowerera ndale izi, zimakhala ndi kukana kwakukulu ku slag, yoyenera kwambiri pazinthu zosalowerera za alkaline komanso kutchinjiriza kwa asidi.
(4) zipangizo zopangira zinthu zosagwira ntchito za alkaline
Makamaka magnesite (magnesite), dolomite, laimu, olivine, serpentine, high alumina oxygen raw tools (nthawi zina sizilowerera), zipangizozi zimakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi alkaline slag, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uvuni wa alkaline, koma zimakhala zosavuta komanso zofewa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala mchere.
(5) Zipangizo zapadera zotsutsa
Makamaka zirconia, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, cerium oxide, thorium oxide, yttrium oxide ndi zina zotero. Zipangizozi zimakhala ndi kukana kosiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yonse ya slag, koma chifukwa chakuti gwero la zinthuzo si lalikulu, silingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'makampani ambiri otsutsa, lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha pazinthu zapadera, kotero limatchedwa zipangizo zapadera zotsutsa moto.
Zisanu, malinga ndi m'badwo wa gulu la zipangizo zopangira
Malinga ndi kupanga zipangizo, zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri a zipangizo zachilengedwe zopangira ndi zipangizo zopangira.
(1) zipangizo zachilengedwe zosagwira ntchito
Zipangizo zachilengedwe zopangira mchere ndizomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu zopangira. Mchere zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga. Pakadali pano, zatsimikiziridwa kuti kuchuluka konse kwa mpweya, silicon ndi aluminiyamu kumakhala pafupifupi 90% ya kuchuluka konse kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu kutumphuka, ndipo oxide, silicate ndi aluminosilicate zimakhala ndi ubwino woonekeratu, zomwe ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri.
China ili ndi zinthu zambiri zopangira zinthu zosagwira ntchito, zosiyanasiyana. Magnesite, bauxite, graphite ndi zinthu zina zitha kutchedwa mizati itatu ya zinthu zopangira zosagwira ntchito zaku China; Magnesite ndi bauxite, malo osungiramo zinthu akuluakulu, apamwamba kwambiri; Dongo labwino kwambiri losagwira ntchito, silica, dolomite, magnesia dolomite, magnesia olivine, serpentine, zircon ndi zinthu zina zimafalikira kwambiri.
Mitundu yayikulu ya zinthu zachilengedwe ndi: silica, quartz, diatomite, sera, dongo, bauxite, cyanite mineral raw materials, magnesite, dolomite, limestone, magnesite olivine, serpentine, talc, chlorite, zircon, plagiozircon, perlite, chromium iron ndi natural graphite.
Six, Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, zinthu zachilengedwe zosagwira ntchito zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:
Siliceous: monga kristalo silika, quartz mchenga simenti silika, etc.;
② theka-siliceous (phyllachite, ndi zina zotero)
③ Dongo: monga dongo lolimba, dongo lofewa, ndi zina zotero; Sakanizani dongo ndi dongo lophwanyika
(4) Aluminiyamu yochuluka: yomwe imadziwikanso kuti jade, monga bauxite yochuluka, mchere wa sillimanite;
⑤ Magnesium: magnesite;
⑥ Dolomite;
⑦ Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
Zircon (ZrO2·SiO2).
Zipangizo zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zodetsa zambiri, kapangidwe kake sikokhazikika, magwiridwe antchito amasinthasintha kwambiri, ndi zinthu zochepa zokha zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji, zambiri mwa izo ziyenera kuyeretsedwa, kuyesedwa kapena kusinthidwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira pakupanga zinthu zotsutsana.
(2) zipangizo zopangira zotsutsana ndi moto
Mitundu ya mchere wachilengedwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zopangira ndi yochepa, ndipo nthawi zambiri siingakwanitse kukwaniritsa zofunikira za zinthu zapamwamba komanso zamakono zotsutsana ndi zinthu zopangira ...
Zipangizo zopangira zosagwira ntchito ndi monga magnesium aluminium spinel, synthetic mullite, seawater magnesia, synthetic magnesium cordierite, sintered corundum, aluminium titanate, silicon carbide ndi zina zotero.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-19-2023
