Pali mitundu yambiri ya zopangira refractory ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogawa. Pali magulu asanu ndi limodzi onse.
Choyamba, malinga ndi zigawo za mankhwala refractory yaiwisi gulu
Ikhoza kugawidwa mu oxide zopangira ndi sanali oxide yaiwisi. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono zamakono, mankhwala ena organic akhala kalambulabwalo zipangizo kapena zipangizo wothandiza mkulu ntchito kukana moto zopangira.
Awiri, malinga ndi zigawo za mankhwala refractory yaiwisi gulu
Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a mankhwala, kukana moto zopangira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu a asidi omwe amakana moto, monga silika, zircon, etc.; Zida zopangira moto zosalowerera ndale, monga corundum, bauxite (acidic), mullite (acidic), pyrite (zamchere), graphite, etc.; Alkaline moto kukana zopangira, monga magnesia, mchenga wa dolomite, mchenga wa magnesia calcium, etc.
Katatu, malinga ndi kagawidwe ka ntchito yopanga
Malinga ndi ntchito yake mu njira yopanga refractory, zopangira zopangira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu komanso zida zothandizira.
Waukulu zopangira ndi thupi lalikulu la refractory zakuthupi. Zothandizira zopangira zitha kugawidwa m'mabinder ndi zowonjezera. Ntchito ya binder ndi kupanga thupi refractory kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira popanga ndi ntchito. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sulfite zamkati zinyalala zamadzimadzi, phula, phenolic utomoni, aluminate simenti, sodium silicate, asidi phosphoric ndi mankwala, sulphate, ndi zina mwa zinthu zazikulu zopangira okha ali ndi udindo wa ogwirizana, monga dongo womangidwa; Udindo wa zowonjezera ndi kukonza kupanga kapena kumanga ndondomeko refractory zipangizo, kapena kulimbikitsa ena katundu wa zipangizo refractory, monga stabilizer, madzi kuchepetsa wothandizira, choletsa, plasticizer, thobvu wothandizila dispersant, wothandizila kukula, antioxidant, etc.
Chachinayi, molingana ndi mtundu wa asidi ndi gulu loyambira
Malinga ndi asidi ndi zamchere, zopangira refractory zitha kugawidwa m'magulu asanu otsatirawa.
(1) Zinthu za asidi
Makamaka siliceous zopangira, monga quartz, squamquartz, quartzite, chalcedony, chert, opal, quartzite, woyera silika mchenga, diatomite, izi siliceous zopangira zili silika (SiO2) osachepera 90%, zopangira zoyera ndi silica mpaka oposa 99%. Silicous zopangira ndi acidic mu mkulu kutentha mphamvu mphamvu, pamene pali oxides zitsulo, kapena pamene anakumana ndi zochita za mankhwala, ndipo pamodzi mu fusible silicates. Chifukwa chake, ngati zopangira za siliceous zili ndi chitsulo chochepa cha oxide, zimakhudza kwambiri kukana kwake kutentha.
(2) theka-acidic zopangira
Makamaka ndi dongo losasunthika. M'mbuyomu, dongo limatchulidwa ngati zinthu za acidic, zomwe sizoyenera. The acidity wa zipangizo refractory yaiwisi zachokera silika ufulu (SiO2) monga thupi lalikulu, chifukwa malinga ndi mankhwala zikuchokera dongo refractory ndi siliceous zopangira, silika ufulu dongo refractory ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa siliceous zopangira.
Chifukwa pali 30% ~ 45% aluminiyamu ambiri dongo refractory, ndi aluminiyamu kawirikawiri ufulu boma, womangidwa kuti pamodzi ndi silika mu kaolinite (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O), ngakhale pali pang'ono owonjezera silika kuchuluka, udindo ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Choncho, asidi katundu wa dongo refractory ndi wofooka kwambiri kuposa siliceous zopangira. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti dongo refractory pa mkulu kutentha kuwonongeka mu free silicate, free aluminiyamu, koma osasintha, free silicate ndi aluminiyamu ufulu adzakhala pamodzi khwatsi (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) pamene anapitiriza usavutike mtima. Quartz ali wabwino asidi kukana slag zamchere, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu zikuchokera mu dongo refractory, asidi zinthu pang`onopang`ono anafooka, pamene aluminiyamu anafika 50%, katundu zamchere kapena ndale, makamaka zopangidwa ndi dongo njerwa pansi kuthamanga, kachulukidwe, chabwino yaying'ono, otsika porosity, kukana zamchere slag ndi wamphamvu kuposa silika pansi pa kutentha kwambiri. Quartz imachedwanso pang'onopang'ono potengera kuwonongeka kwake, chifukwa chake timawona kuti ndi koyenera kuyika dongo losasunthika ngati semi-acidic. Dongo la Refractory ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga zinthu.
(3) ndale yaiwisi
Zida zopanda ndale zimakhala ndi chromite, graphite, silicon carbide (yopanga), pansi pazikhalidwe zilizonse za kutentha sizimakhudzidwa ndi asidi kapena zamchere slag. Pakalipano pali zinthu ziwiri zoterezi m'chilengedwe, chromite ndi graphite. Kuwonjezera masoka graphite, pali yokumba graphite, izi ndale zopangira, ndi kukana kwambiri slag, oyenera kwambiri zinthu zamchere refractory ndi asidi refractory kutchinjiriza.
(4) alkaline refractory zipangizo
Makamaka magnesite (magnesite), dolomite, laimu, olivine, serpentine, mkulu alumina mpweya zopangira (nthawi zina ndale), zopangira izi ndi kukana amphamvu zamchere slag, makamaka ntchito zomangamanga zamchere ng'anjo, koma makamaka zosavuta ndi asidi slag mankhwala anachita ndi kukhala mchere.
(5) Zida zapadera zokanira
Makamaka zirconia, titaniyamu okusayidi, beryllium okusayidi, cerium okusayidi, thorium okusayidi, yttrium okusayidi ndi zina zotero. Izi zopangira ndi madigiri osiyana kukana mitundu yonse ya slag, koma chifukwa yaiwisi gwero si zambiri, sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu chiwerengero chachikulu cha makampani refractory, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zochitika zapadera, choncho amatchedwa wapadera kukana moto zipangizo.
Asanu, malinga ndi m'badwo wa zopangira gulu
Malinga ndi m'badwo wa zipangizo, akhoza kugawidwa mu zinthu zachilengedwe zopangira ndi kupanga zipangizo magulu awiri.
(1) zachilengedwe refractory zipangizo
Natural mineral zopangira akadali thupi lalikulu la zopangira. Maminolo omwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe amapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimawapanga. Pakali pano, zatsimikiziridwa kuti okwana kuchuluka kwa mpweya, pakachitsulo ndi zotayidwa zinthu zitatu nkhani pafupifupi 90% ya okwana kuchuluka kwa zinthu kutumphuka, ndi okusayidi, silicate ndi aluminosilicate mchere nkhani ubwino zoonekeratu, amene ndi nkhokwe yaikulu kwambiri zachilengedwe zopangira.
China ali wolemera refractory yaiwisi yaiwisi, zosiyanasiyana. Magnesite, bauxite, graphite ndi zinthu zina angatchedwe zipilala zitatu za China refractory yaiwisi; Magnesite ndi bauxite, nkhokwe zazikulu, apamwamba; Dongo labwino kwambiri la refractory, silika, dolomite, magnesia dolomite, magnesia olivine, serpentine, zircon ndi zinthu zina zimafalitsidwa.
Mitundu yayikulu yazopangira zachilengedwe ndi: silika, quartz, diatomite, sera, dongo, bauxite, cyanite mineral zopangira, magnesite, dolomite, laimu, magnesite olivine, serpentine, talc, chlorite, zircon, plagiozircon, perlite, chitsulo cha chromium.
Six, Malinga ndi mankhwala zikuchokera, zachilengedwe refractory zopangira akhoza kugawidwa mu:
Silicous: monga crystalline silika, quartz mchenga simenti silika, etc.;
② semi-siliceous (phyllachite, etc.)
③ Dongo: monga dongo lolimba, dongo lofewa, etc.; Phatikizani dongo ndi dongo clinker
(4) Aluminiyamu yapamwamba: imatchedwanso yade, monga mkulu wa bauxite, mchere wa sillimanite;
⑤ Magnesium: maginito;
⑥ Dolomite;
⑦ Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
Zircon (ZrO2 · SiO2).
Zopangira zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zonyansa zambiri, kapangidwe kake ndi kosakhazikika, magwiridwe antchito amasinthasintha kwambiri, ndi zida zochepa zokha zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji, ambiri amayenera kuyeretsedwa, kuyesedwa kapena kuwerengeredwa kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zopangira zida zotsutsana.
(2) zopangira moto kukana zopangira
Mitundu ya mchere wachilengedwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zopangira ndizochepa, ndipo nthawi zambiri satha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri komanso zida zamakono zokanira pazofunikira zapadera zamakampani amakono. Synthetic refractory zopangira angathe kufika anthu chisanadze cholinga mankhwala mchere zikuchokera ndi kapangidwe, kapangidwe ake koyera, wandiweyani dongosolo, mankhwala zikuchokera n'zosavuta kulamulira, kotero khalidwe ndi khola, akhoza kupanga zosiyanasiyana zipangizo zapamwamba refractory, ndi zopangira zazikulu zamakono luso mkulu ndi zipangizo zamakono refractory. Kukula kwa zida zopangira zopangira zinthu kumathamanga kwambiri m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi.
Synthetic refractory zopangira makamaka magnesium zotayidwa spinel, kupanga mullite, nyanja madzi magnesia, kupanga magnesium cordierite, sintered corundum, zotayidwa titanate, pakachitsulo carbide ndi zina zotero.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-19-2023
